"Does society exist primarily to benefit people as a whole, or does it exist for the improvement of the individual?"
(I'll use 'society' and 'the government' interchangeably throughout my response, because the government is what makes the rules for a society)
Looking at this from an economic perspective, the primary purpose of society is to benefit people as a whole. Society gives everyone equal opportunities to excel and be personally successful (e.g. bank loans, grants, scholarships, etc...). Some people choose to take advantage of these opportunities while others don't; which usually correlates with their levels of success and happiness. Society can only go so far to appeal to everyone because scarcity limits them to only being able to provide necessities for their people, and one of the key assumptions in economics states that people have three basic needs: food, shelter, and clothing. Everything else is considered a want and it's assumed that people have unlimited wants. However, another key assumption in economics is that everyone is rationally self-interested, meaning that everyone's actions can be seen as steps to fulfilling their ultimate goals or interests, whether it be spiritual satisfaction or monetary gain. Now that I've gone into a little of the reasoning for both sides, I wanted to say that I chose the 'society for society' angle because the question asked "does society exist primarily to...". That single word changes everything. Society can only continue to exist if the individuals who are apart of it have it's best interests at heart, not their own. Society can give individuals opportunities to better their own life, but its primary purpose is to maintain the equilibrium of the economy -- making sure the plumbing keeps flowing. When we allow our self-interest to become irrational on too wide a scale, then we will inevitably kill what society stands for: helping everyone.
Society helps everyone by not allowing everyone to help themselves.
Society helps everyone by not allowing everyone to help themselves.